Population in the world Today :: essays papers

Population in the world Today Probably the most pressing concern of the modern world — both environmentally and socially — is the escalating global population. The geometrical growth in numbers over the last century, when estimated, presents an ominous picture of massive, unsustainable growth and accompanying famines and health crises. Yet, to simply follow the current trend is naive, and informed estimates of population trends are increasingly predicting a less disastrous future. The latest study shows an 85% chance that global population will peak before 2100, and predicts with 60% certainty that this peak will be less than 10 billion, compared with a population of 6 billion today. They even give an outside chance, 15%, that there will be fewer people living at the end of the century than are alive now. Their results are notable not just for the relatively low figures projected, but also for the rigorous analysis that accompanies them. Whereas the United Nation estimates present just four possible outcomes (constant, high, medium and low). The US Census Bureau includes specific chances of a particular scenario occurring on a specific date. This graphically illustrates the confidence (or otherwise) of predictions further into the future. To arrive at their conclusions, the team combined two forecasting techniques — 'time series estimation, a statistical analysis based on known figures, and 'expert judgment', whereby key parameters are estimated taking into account foreseeable events such as disease, war and fertility trends. Apart from the lower total population figure estimated (8.8 billion by 2050, compared to 9.3 for the UN's medium estimate, 2000 revision). Population decline in developed nations is expected to accelerate, with the European part of the former USSR expected to lose 20% of it population by 2050. Such declines lead inevitably to ageing populations, and half of all people living in Japan at the end of the century are predicted to be over 60 years old. With these facts, there is no doubt in our minds that we are in for some trouble. Over the next 50 years, the United States alone faces some population problems. What we need to do is keep the growth rate at stage 4, meaning we need to have birth and death rates low.

The position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920’s

I believe that the following statement the position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920's is not true because only a small percentage of women's lives changed, these were usually the upper or middle class and those who lived in the cities. I intend to prove my beliefs in the following paragraphs by evaluating the different aspects of their life's, work, home, society and clothing. Work During the First world war a number of women worked for the first time, some of these jobs had previously been done by men. Even though women proved that they could do these jobs just as well as the men, many lost their jobs when the men returned from war. Two million more women were employed in 1930 than in 1920, this was however an increase of only 1 per cent. Women achieved almost a third of all degrees by 1930, but only 4% of the professors were women. Women still tended to work in the least skilled and lowest paid jobs and men were still paid more than women for doing the same job. Women did not get much help from the government or police either. The Supreme Court banned laws that set a minimum wage for women workers. Men were still the managers and had the jobs with the best prospects, there were however new jobs for women but they tended to be so called women's jobs such as librarian's teachers and nurses. Most women workers still had low paying jobs. In the new radio Industry women were the preferred employees because of their small nimble hands but one of the main reasons why employees were willing to employ women was that they could pay women lower wages than men for performing the same job. Home On the whole these large middle classes do their own housework with few of the mechanical aids, among 10,000 farm houses only 32% had any running water at all, only 57% used washing machines and only 47% had a carpet sweeper. Women who live on farms and they form the largest group in the USA did a great deal of work besides their labour of caring for their children, washing the clothes, caring for the home and cooking, thousands of women still laboured in the fields. Men remained the main breadwinners and women cooked cleaned and raised their children, whereas boys continued to play with guns and grew up to head their families, girls played with dolls and looked forward to careers as wives and mothers. Society After the war and during the 1920's much changed, at least for middle and upper class women. Many taboos disappeared, women started to smoke in public: sales of cigarettes doubled during the decade. It became acceptable for women to drive, and take part in strenuous sport. Women also socialised with men more easily. Chaperons were abandoned and the pre war waltz gave way to a more daring dance the Charleston. By the mid 1920's women's fashions had been transformed. Hemlines shot up. It would have been considered scandalous for a man and unmarried women to meet alone, for whatever reason. It was also socially unacceptable for women to smoke in public before the war, it was illegal in New York. Attitudes towards sex and marriage seemed to be changing a survey in 1920 found that only 31% of the college students questioned had not had sex before marriage compared to 74% of the college students questioned in 1900. New laws made it easier for women to divorce their husbands in 1900 only 81 out of every 1000 marriages ended in divorce but by 1928 the number of marriages ending in divorce had risen to 166 out of every 1000. It now became acceptable for women to see the new superstars such as â€Å"Babe Ruth† at baseball games. There was exciting entertainment at the new cinemas built nationwide where rich and poor, men and women flocked to see Hollywood films featuring stars like Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino. In the 1920's middle class women had more free time, partly due to the new domestic labour saving products like vacuum cleaners. If they had a car (as many did ) they were no longer so bound to the home. For thousands of American women in rural areas, the 1920's did not bring many changes. They continued to play traditional roles within the family . The most significant sign that the roles of women was changing was when in 1920 women had been given the vote entitling them to more political power, this change affected all women nationwide every women had the right to vote despite her status in society. Clothing Clothes had changed, the tight waisted, ankle length, voluminous dresses of pre war days had been replaced by waistless knee length, lightweight dresses. These gave greater freedom of movement as well as being more daring. Before the war women had been expected to have long hair. After the war short hair became a sign of liberation. Make up became popular and sales boomed, led by advertisements. Flapper was a name given to a liberated urban woman. Few women would have regarded themselves as flappers but the flapper represented an extreme example of the changes that were affecting many women. They were identified by their short skirts, bobbed hair, powdered knees, bright clothes and lots of make up. Flappers were mainly upper and middle class women from the Northern states. After carefully evaluating the evidence available concerning the way women's life's changed in Society, work, clothing and home I believe that it is evident that only a small percentage of women's lives changed. These were usually the upper or middle class because they were the only ones who could afford the new mod cons e. g. vacuum cleaner resulting in them having more free time in which they could go and see the new entertainment. Also nearly all upper and middle class women possessed a car compared to a mere 40% working class families meaning that only the upper and middle class were not bound to the home. The position of all women did not improve in the 1920's because women in rural areas who formed the largest group in the USA did not notice many changes. The only significant change that improved the roles of all women within society was them gaining the vote in 1920, but this led to women losing their unifying cause. A vast majority of women's life's stayed the same.

Architecture of the New York Stock Exchange Building

Eating Disorders A Health Problem - 1834 Words

Eating disorders can be one of the most difficult types of conditions to overcome. They are the names given to problems relating to a person’s eating style. Eating disorders aren t just about how a certain person eats. They are a sign of unhappiness. They are about how people think and feel about themselves, their bodies, and the food that they eat. They are serious health problems. We all live in a world where image is a very important factor in life. It urges people (especially women) to improve their appearances. Eating disorders are not a diet or an experiment to lose weight. It is a serious health problem that can take several years to recover from. They are disorders that are some of the most difficult illnesses to understand and diagnose. Two million people in the world suffer from eating disorders whether it s anorexia or bulimia . Two thirds of teenage girls and one third of teenage boys do not like their bodies and the weights they are at. Eating disorders are sweep ing the country and are often referred to as the â€Å"Deadly Diet.† This health problem can begin anywhere from the ages of ten to thirty. The peak age for the beginning of this disorder in females is eleven to fifteen. The obsession of many young girls over their appearance or weight has led to a good amount of people who have developed an eating disorder to try to deal with their lack of self-esteem or other related problems. Eating disorders are serious emotional and physical problems that can haveShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders Are A Serious Health Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesOften, the desire to become thin becomes an obsession. People’s obsession over their appearance has led to a growing number of eating disorders. Eating disorders are a serious health problem. Personal Counseling Resources says that eating disorders â€Å"are characterized by a focus on body shape, weight, fat, food, and perfectionism and by feelings of powerlessness and low self-est eem.† Additionally, the media imparts a great deal of thinness on television, the Internet, and magazines that are viewedRead MoreEating Disorders Are A Grave Health Problem1614 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Eating disorders develop typically during adolescence. Triggers include a distorted view of an ideal body image, abuse, and the need to control a particular part of life. The eating disorders discussed include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder (BED). These eating disorders lead to severe physical and mental health problems that may require a medical intervention. â€Æ' Eating Disorders Often, the desire to lose weight or to become thin especially in women becomesRead MoreEating Disorders Are A Serious Health Problem Essay2138 Words   |  9 PagesEating disorders are a very serious health problem. People with eating disorders are addicted to food, just like the people who are addicted to drugs and medications. People with eating disorders us food to numb the pain. â€Å"They are dangerous illnesses that cause mental and physical suffering and may have long life consequences.†(Allman 2010 page 6) People with eating disorders cannot use food as a source of energy or nutrition. Their ability to connect hunger and fullness with the meals is disruptedRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreThe Causes Of Eating Disorders In College Women1444 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders in College Women Bingeing. Purging. Calorie counting. Excessive exercising. These are actions that are most commonly associated with eating disorders, which are psychological conditions affecting an individual’s eating habits. Though these conditions can appear in any age or gender group, they tend to be most prevalent in adolescent women. 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The condition causes sufferers to eat until they are painfully full. we live in a society that accepts encourages overindulging . Therefore, there are probably several occasions on which we eat more than we shouldRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating, Bulimia, And Anorexia1215 Words   |  5 Pagesof eating disorders such as binge-eating, bulimia, and anorexia. All three eating disorders are very similar, but they are also differ with the issue they cause. Eating disorders can be harmful to a persons’ body because when they keep vomiting, it causes certain parts of the body to deteriorate over time. Each disorder has many symptoms, causes, warning signs, and health problems. All disorders differ with the way they affect people and how the person is treated. Binge-eating disorder consistsRead MoreThe Effects Of Eating Disorders On Health872 Words   |  4 PagesHealth can be expressed in many different ways: physical health is easily identified by an individual’s ability to perform tasks with agility, endurance or speed. There are ways to enhance these factors through exercise and healthy eating as well as regular health screenings. However, there is another facet of human health that is less easily identified: mental health. Mental health impacts everyone in varying ways and in varying degrees. Sometimes the symptoms are easily identified, such as withRead MoreEating Disorders Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesbegun and an eating disorder is formed. Effects The altered eating and exercise patterns of those with eating disorders can seriously damage physical and emotional health. The ANAB (n.d.) contends activities associated with eating disorders place one in medical danger. Strenuous over-exercising is often seen in those with eating disorders even though they may be quite ill. The body of an eating disorder sufferer frequently has electrolyte imbalances and gastrointestinal problems. The vomiting

The Cold War The Iron Curtain Essay - 780 Words

The â€Å"Cold War† was a unique time period were paranoia ran high and the world was at a stalemate as it watch the competition between the two world superpowers,(U.S. and the U.S.S.R.). In the United States the main concern of the government was maintain the loyalty of their citizens. This was made even more evident by the second red scare that happened post WWII. The reason behind this scare was that information was leaked that there was espionage going on in the US and this caused Americans to fear that this will eventually lead to the overthrow of the government. Another fear was the rapid spread of communism into countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. As concern of the public grew in regards to the spread of communism the government†¦show more content†¦The Marshall did fail in regard to China the reason the communist took over in 1949,( this increase population of communist by 500 million people). The reason why it failed was because the money was given out without any planning and there was corruption within the Chinese government of that time. A proxy war is essentially when two sides are fighting each other, but with the help of two unseen powers or nations that pull the strings. For example in the Korean War the US back up the South Korea and the USSR back up North Korea by supplying money and weapons, and the creation of the CIA in 1947 to collect intelligence. When the United Nations was form it is fundamentally a start over of the League of Nation. The motive behind the formation of the League of Nations was to band countries together to effectively deal with international crises or threats. The US also implements the NATO which is a collection of countries band together to resist the influence of communism. In relation the Soviet Union form the WARSAW PACT which is basically identical to NATO purpose. So the two articles â€Å"NSC-68† and â€Å"Who is Loyal to America† reflect the thinking of society and how America was shaped and molded because of this unique time period. The essential element of the free society is to respect the individual as well as the whole. The arms and space demonstrates the fierceSh ow MoreRelatedThe Cold War1120 Words   |  4 Pages Cold War In 1945 after WWII the United States and the Soviet Union became divided as far as how they felt Europe should be divided. This began the period of conflict called the Cold War. The Cold War was â€Å"a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare†(dictionary.com).The USSR believed in communism, where the US believed in democracy. The US was between two potentially hostile nations, the US designed a BufferRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine and Iron Curtain Speech802 Words   |  3 PagesThe Truman Doctrine and Iron Curtain Speech After World War II, the USSR and United States engaged in an unprecedented conflict called the Cold War. Despite the armaments being produced, this war was not directly fought with thousands of soldiers or massive weapons. An enormous rise in tensions created a competition between the two countries for diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military dominance. Of course, nothing was official until President Harry Truman and Winston Churchill worked togetherRead MoreWhy Stalin Built The Iron Curtain Essays667 Words   |  3 PagesWhy Stalin Built The Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain was the term used in the West to refer to the boundary line, which divided Europe into to separate areas of political influence. This was set up from the end of World War Two until the end of the Cold War. During this period, Eastern Europe was under control and influence of the Soviet Union (USSR,) where as Western Europe enjoyed freedom. It was a border set up by Joseph Stalin, the ruler of the USSR in the years afterRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Cold War1370 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of the Cold War Richard Nixon once said of the Cold War that â€Å"the Cold War isn t thawing; it is burning with a deadly heat. Communism isn t sleeping; it is, as always, plotting, scheming, working, fighting.†(www.brainyquote.com). An analysis of the Cold War between 1947-1991 reveals that the Cold War was caused by a difference in political ideals between the USA and the Soviet Union, the aftermath of WWII, and the â€Å"Iron Curtain† in Europe. Further analysis reveals the Cold War contributedRead More Why the Cold War developed by 1949 Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1949, the Cold War had developed in many ways since 1945. The most significant factor to the development of the Cold War since the end of World War II, was the building of the Iron Curtain in 1946 which divided the communists countries of Eastern Europe from the non-communist countries of the West and considerably contributed to the hostilities between the West and the USSR. Other reasons why Cold War had developed by was because of the different ideology to begin with, the Marshall Plan and TrumanRead MoreThe Cold War : A Battle Between Capitalism And Communism1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War: A Battle Between Capitalism and Communism The Cold War began not very long after the end of World War II in 1945. Despite the fact that, the Soviet Union was an essential part of the Allied Powers, there was certainly a great amount of distrust between the Soviet Union and what remains of the Allies, specifically the United States. The Allies were worried about Stalin s ruthless leadership and also the spread of communism. 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Dr. Seuss’s political views are very apparent in his some of his books like The Butter Battle Book, which discusses the issues of the Cold War. In The Butter Battle Book, two groups, the Zooks and the Yooks, are at odds with the way they butter their bread. One group, the ZooksRead MoreEssay about The Origins of the Cold War679 Words   |  3 PagesThe Origins of the Cold War The Cold War was a state of extreme hostility and confrontation but without direct militant action between the two world powers, the USSR and the USA. The USSR and the USA were originally wartime Allies during the Second World War; however a string of events and issues caused a built up of suspicion and distrust which finally escalated to what was known as the Cold War. The start of Cold War can be simply defined as the period of time wherebyRead MoreCulture Behind the Curtain1317 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, and Premier Joseph Stalin unlocked Soviet borders to an influx of American film, music, print resources, and tourists. This American culture, especially the scores of Jazz records and recordings, grew incredibly popular. Jazz orchestras sprung up across Moscow and the Soviet bloc, and these groups longed for the opportunity to play American scores in their own styles. Music became a common vehicle conveying the culture

Celestial Mechanics and Orbital Period free essay sample

AE-641 Problems Set No. 1 1. The orbital period of an Earth satellite is 106 min. Find the apogee altitude if the perigee altitude is 200 km. 2. Find the orbital period of a satellite if the perigee and apogee altitudes are 250 km and 300 km, respectively. 3. Find the maximum and minimum orbital speed of the Earth if the eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit around Sun is 1/60. What is the mean speed if the mean radius is 1 AU? (Sun’s Gm1=1. 32710 11 km3/s 2. ) 4. Given the orbital period of Mars around Sun as 687 Earth mean solar days, find the semi-major axis of Mars orbit in AU. 5. Estimate solar gravitational constant using Kepler’s third law. 6. A spacecraft in a 200 km high circular Earth orbit fires its retro-rocket, reducing speed instantly by 600 m/s. What is the speed of the spacecraft when it reaches an altitude of 100 km? (Assume zero atmospheric drag. ) 7. What is the parabolic escape velocity from a geosynchronous orbit? What extra speed will be required for a geosynchronous satellite to escape Earth’s gravity? 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Celestial Mechanics and Orbital Period or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A hyperbolic Earth departure trajectory has a perigee speed of 15 km/s at an altitude 300 km. Calculate (a) hyperbolic excess speed, (b) radius and speed when true anomaly is 100o. 9. Voyager-I’s closest approach to Saturn was at a periapsis radius of 124000 km and the hyperbolic excess speed was 7. 51 km/s. What was the angle through which the spacecraft’s velocity vector was turned by Saturn? (Saturn’s m = 37. 93110 6 km3/s2. ) 10. Derive expressions for the position and velocity vectors of a spacecraft in a coordinate system fixed to the orbital plane such that the unit vectors of the axes are along the eccentricity vector, e, the direction of parameter, p, and the angular momentum vector, h. Express the answers in terms of semi-major axis, a, eccentricity, e, and true anomaly, q. 11. Halley’s comet last passed perihelion on February 9, 1986. Its orbit has a semi-major axis, a=17. 9564 AU and eccentricity, e=0. 967298. Predict the date of next return (perihelion) of the comet.

Information systems management at IBM and Dell

Introduction The management of information systems in any organization is indeed an inevitable that cannot be ignored by an organization bearing in mind that the modern business world largely relies on the optimal flow of information as part and parcel of improving production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems management at IBM and Dell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also worth noting that information plays a key role right from the point of production up to the level of final consumption. While some organizations might find it unnecessary to establish and subsequently manage their information platforms, it goes without saying that such organizations indeed miss out on vast opportunities through which they can expand their operations on a day-to-day basis. A case study of Dell Inc. and IBM Inc. in terms of information management is indeed typical of dissecting the relevance of thorough m anagement of information systems in organizations. This paper examines Dell Inc. and IBM’s management of information systems to determine how it aids the two companies in managing internal operations, making decisions and gaining a competitive edge. A brief background of IBM and Dell Inc. IBM has developed into a formidable company that employs information system in conducting both internal and external business operations for many years. Studies reveal that IBM’s historical development began can be traced back to a time when the use of technology in business had not been fully realized. Research indicates that the company was began and set out to operate as a as a Tabulating Machine Company. Under the leadership of Hollerith Herman towards the close of 19th century (1896), studies reveal that the company’s line of specialisation and products was in the development of punched card data machines. Its products were widely sold and bought in both local and global m arkets, a consideration that was driven by massive marketing campaigns and better business strategies. It is imperative to point out that the demand for tabulating machines and application of new technology to make quality and efficient products grew by leaps and bounds thereafter. The 1896 punched cards gave the impetus for the generation of machines which would later be referred to as IBM. However, in 1911, the business exchanged hands when Charles Flint bought it at slightly over two million dollars. This enabled the original founder of the company to develop Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CRT) which was later incorporated on 16th June 1911.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the multinational American computer technology corporation (Dell Inc) was formed back in 1984 and has over the years developed and grown in its application of technology to develop suppor t and sell quality computer products and computer related services. Its leadership and management team have ensured effective application of information systems, a consideration that has seen the company attain a competitive edge over others and emerge as o0ne of the largest technological corporations in the world today. Some of its products that have dominated the market include software, data storage devices, servers, computers, network switches, printers, cameras and HDTVs. Over the years; IBM and Dell have been able to manage effectively their operations and information systems through mergers. According to recent studies, the need and articulation of mergers in Dell and IBM is based on their holistic need to formulate a common unit which guides their operations mainly through assimilation of common objectives. The management both companies as noted by Rao (2010), sought to establish a highly integrated system where key players were represented in the management. Particularly, t hese companies formed the major baseline and therefore determined the model that would be followed in running the widely spread system. Besides, the structure was further expanded to smaller holding companies which were equally affiliated to the different mother countries. Comparison of Dell and IBM’s use of information systems in management At a time when the business trends are increasingly becoming reliant on the global market dynamism which is driven by an ever-changing consumerism patterns, effective management of information systems remains the most critical aspect that can guarantee a business’ success. Studies indicate that the emergence of the computer system and its subsequent adoption in mainstream business circle is one of the key developments in business. It is worth noting that the systems that have been developed to aid organizations in meeting their information needs and approaches to development of strategies in the current business environment have d eveloped due to availability of information (Rao, 2010). Information systems are therefore a critical factor in the current business environment whose role in ensuring that the needs of the society are accurately addressed makes it vital to operational success. Effective management of Information systems has taken a fundamental position in modern business operations. As a matter of fact, it has led to the simplification of tasks and speeding up of business transactions thus leading to sustainable profitability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems management at IBM and Dell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both Dell and IBM have form many decades used their information systems to mange their internal operations and make key decisions that impact positively on their success. Studies reveal that one of their objectives in managing their information systems is assure their investments in IT to genera te business value (IBM 100, 2012). This has ensured that their information systems provide the required services throughout its life span thus meeting the needs of all users, particularly the critical ones. For instance, Dell has invested huge finances in IT system expecting to reap the benefits associated with it (Dell, 2012). It is worth noting that effective management of its information systems has continued to provide it with numerous operational benefits. Studies indicate that success of adopting and using an information system in organizations is dependent on a system selection process. The system Dell has selected has been designed in a way that ensures that the organizational objectives are timely met and the system adopted has a long lifespan. Developments in both computing and internet technologies have mainly been aimed at ensuring greater operational stability, improving the speed of the transactions and ensuring security. Most new technologies apart from adding to func tionalities are generally aimed at ensuring greater speeds and dealing with security threats that are faced by previous architecture. Many are aware of the application of e-commerce systems though few are aware of its internal systems and fewer have mastered the art of efficiency in implementation of e-commerce systems (IBM 100, 2012). The management of information systems at Dell and IBM in internal operations and decision making have been designed in such a way that they seek to generate value within the businesses. The use of information systems in decision making has led to its being cited as a strategy which can be implemented in three distinct stages; production, processing and reception that are interdependent on each other. Their communication strategies, appraisal and even promotional strategies have been effectively carried out with the aid of information systems (MBA Knowledge Base, 2012). There is no doubt that the role played by information systems in theses companies i n generating value and as a platform for implementing organisational operations cannot be ignored.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The managements at Dell and IBM have ensured that procedures, policies and even standards have been developed with the sole aim of developing a clear approach employed by manufacturers in developing their systems which has played an important role in ensuring the development of more robust systems (IBM 100, 2012). Over the years, their operating system designs, security system designs and even the role played by information have transformed and presented security as one of the key threats that they face in developing an e-commerce presence. Awareness on the role played by information system in their security is not a recent development in their business segments rather it is one of the key areas that they have guarded jealously over the years. Besides, they have traditionally guarded their strategies against competition and kept their finances in well guarded safe houses and accounts due to awareness on insecurity (Rao, 2010). One of the major problems that IBM encountered before fu lly adopting information system in decision making was brought by its increasing consideration to promote high level focus and raise the value outlined in its vision. Even with its organisational structure of five discrete divisions that handled strategy and change in the organisation, the initial dilemma of decision making in all its operations appeared to continuously haunt the company (IBM 100, 2012). The primary objective was to focus on growth opportunities available for it. However, the steps to follow in achieving this strategy were unclear to the management and the company as a whole. To effectively assimilate a clear outline that would enhance the ability of the company to maintaining a stronger competitive advantage, information systems applications based on growth standards were established with target being set at high profitability (MBA Knowledge Base, 2012). As studies reveal, living to the same status generated vast pressure to the company and its structures. The outc ome of this pressure led to decentralization of information systems in the company. However, at the initial stages, managing the assimilated information system was still problematic to handle the new transformation demands (IBM 100, 2012). Competitive advantage It is worth noting that management of an organization’s information technology strategy for decision making and managing internal operations is essential in determining how well an organization articulates the main procedures. It was from this consideration that Information and Communication Technology managers at both IBM and Dell were able to focus on effective strategy that consisted of major concepts like global standardization which was later built on to promote growth and development. The strategy entailed change articulation in all the systems to infer the necessary re-alignments that dictate its overall ability to capture and edge out the correct niche that can give it a competitive advantage over others in the market (Dell, 2012). The ability to address complex situations was harmonized at the management level and articulated in the most viable option that facilitates higher returns. Clear implementation of information system strategies as exemplified by Dell and IBM must therefore precede all aspects of management that have higher chances of enhancing greater returns. In IBM, the use of information systems is crucial for decision making on short and long term strategic planning for the corporation so as to realize growth, seize opportunities, strategising change within the organisation as well as maintaining high profile market competition in order for the organisation to remain profitable. Besides, it is also used for communication with the Customer Relationship Management that handles all customer related queries such as general inquiries and complaints. In Dell, the communication and organization of the Supply Chain department is effectively conducted via the use of information syste ms. This aid it in the efficient distribution of Dell products and services from manufacturing points to the target market. In addition, it is also used in financial management responsible for all the monetary or financial matters of the corporation (MBA Knowledge Base, 2012). Organizational consequences of the use of information technology potential security breaches It is important to note that the challenges that businesses are faced with in operations that are a result of their internal systems and changes within their macro-environment are commonly perceived as threats. The security of a business relying on technology can be looked at from both strategic viewpoints and as component of information systems. There are multiple threats that Dell and IBM face in implementing their information systems which present a large number of factors that have to be considered in formulation. A research that sought to determine the areas that business lack in developing their strategies points to the lack of awareness on the threats that businesses face in formulating strategies as being central to a number of security breaches that are being recorded in e-systems (Rao, 2010). Various reasons have been cited as being central to the vulnerabilities that systems and even applications display. Though there have been numerous developments in computing, secure programming techniques are yet to be well developed. Most applications are developed in a manner that does not place priority on security of the resulting package. The commercialisation of software development effectively implies that software packages are developed in a rush to meet deadlines owing to the high level of competition that is being displayed in software development. Research have identified highly competitive Dell and IBM e-commerce segments as potential breeding grounds for application that have been developed for the sake of competition and place no emphasis on security of applications which plays a role in determining the level of usability that can be attained by the developments (MBA Knowledge Base, 2012). Some of the security threats that may face Viruses Viruses are computer programs that easily copy and infect a computer without the owner’s knowledge. Due to the fast growth of use of technology, viruses have become a major problem to businesses that rely on computer systems to manage information systems as they adversely affects the hosts’ computers causing massive malfunctioning in them. Some of the most important viruses that may impact on information systems operations at IBM and Dell include resident viruses like W32-Randex, Dloadr-CMJ, and Elvirus which dwell in the RAM and corrupts the files from there to the programs that are either copied, opened, or renamed in the computer. Perhaps one of the most important aspects that these companies can resort to limit insecurity is the understanding of how to address the virus threats (MBA Knowledge Base, 2012). Owi ng to the fast developing technology and globalization that threatens to consume the same world that it operate in, there is need to generate the necessary guarantee that can secure businesses operations systems. It has been predicted that viruses will continue being a major threat to e-commerce as competitors seek to gather competitive advantages in the market. Stronger technology should therefore be constantly sought to generate the correct traces for the viruses and destroy them before they affect and cause malfunction of the businesses systems (IBM 100, 2012). Trojan Horses A Trojan horse is a destructive program that masquerades to majority of the computer programs mostly as benign application. To infect the computers, Trojan Horses claims to get rid of the computer viruses but instead introduces them to the system. Trojan horses occur in seven different forms that are classified based on their breaching and damage that they affect in the system (Rao, 2010). To begin with, Remo te Access Trojan usually hides in the smaller programs and wait for activation of the PCs to affect their damages. Data Sending Trojans provide attackers with very sensitive information such as log file, passwords, Instant Messaging contacts, and Credit card information. In most of the cases, these Trojans seek particular information by installing key loggers and sending the records to the attackers (Dell, 2012). According to Rao (2010) Data Sending Trojans are some of the most dangerous threats to the on-line businesses globally. In order to affect the smooth functioning of information systems at Dell and IBM, the destructive Trojans will delete files of the attacked computers. Just like the Data Sending Trojans, Destructive Trojans causes great inconveniences and losses to the involved businesses when their respective information on their transactions and accounts are lost (MBA Knowledge Base, 2012). A vivid chance will indeed be given to the attacker by a proxy Trojan. As a resul t, there are quite a number of transactions that will be effected by this kind of attack. For instance, an entire business system may be affected by a single wave o Trojan attack. In addition, there are other forms of Trojans that may interfere with any well established security system and as a result, be able to gain access to important and discrete data in an organisation (IBM 100, 2012). In this respect, they stop or kill the programs like antivirus without the user’s knowledge. Finally Denial of Service Trojans attacks a network by flooding it with useless programs that are not authorized by the owner of the computer. Conclusions To sum up, it is clear that at a time when the business trends are increasingly becoming reliant on the global market dynamism which is driven by ever-changing consumerism patterns, effective management of information systems remains the most critical aspect that can guarantee a business’ success. IBM and Dell are some of the leading compa nies that have greatly relied on information systems to make important decision and carry out effective internal operations. Information systems as brought out in the discussion have played a key role in creating a competitive edge for the two companies. However, issues of security and threats related to use of modern technology have presented immense fears on possible attacks which may affect the smooth operations of the businesses. References Dell (2012). Data Center Systems Management. Web. IBM 100 (2012). Information Management System. Web. MBA Knowledge Base (2012). Case Study: Management Information System at Dell. Web. Rao, L. 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